深部岩石隐性裂纹的电化学检测机制

岩体工程进入深部以后，出现许多不同于浅部工程的力学现象，使得岩石力学进入了一个新的阶段。为了研究处于深部岩石中的微裂纹，在分析亚微观裂纹相对尺寸和稳定状态的基础上，从静态和动态变化两个角度把亚微观裂纹分为隐性裂纹和显性裂纹，根据深部岩体工程的力学环境，从分子力学和断裂力学角度分析岩石微裂纹的成核扩展微观机制。运用电化学的基本原理，分析岩石微裂纹和其间溶液的界面性质，以及其组成的双电层结构的电化学性质，研究岩石微裂纹扩展引起该体系双电层电容和宏观阻抗的变化规律，并以泥岩为例研究岩石的交流阻抗谱特征参数和裂纹成核扩展的关系。结果表明：利用电化学手段可以检测岩石微裂纹的成核扩展，为进一步研究岩石的断裂行为提供新的检测手段。     

Operating characteristics of the aerated submerged fixed-film (ASFF) bioreactor

A multi-stage fixed-film reactor was developed in which a stationary submerged biofilm is attached to ceramic tiles under diffused aeration. Tracer studies revealed that the reactor's hydraulic regime is described by a CSTR-in-series model. Reactor performance at 20 °C was examined using sucrose wastewaters with organic strength up to 900 mg l⁻¹ COD, at hydraulic loadings up to 0.1 m³ m⁻²d⁻¹ and organic loadings up to 90 g CODm⁻² d⁻¹. The reactor demonstrated the capability of achieving 97% soluble COD removals at low loadings and exhibited efficient and stable performance at high hydraulic and organic loadings. Even at application rates near the rate-limiting mass loadings, there was only a 9% loss in efficiency. Reactor operation at high loadings appears to be advantageous since organic substrate removal rates and attached biomass per unit surface area increased with the increase in organic loading. This can be attributed to the good oxygen transfer and the considerable quantity and type of attached biomass attained. Staging of the reactor proved to be effective in eliminating short circuiting and damping excessive loadings, although the majority of COD removal occurs in the first stage which retains the greatest quantity of attached biomass. A good quality effluent was produced.     

混凝土结构寿命预测

对已有结构剩余寿命的评估进行了分析,从结构的荷载分析、抗力计算及结构的动态可靠度计算等进行了介绍,列出了结构剩余寿命的计算流程,以充分挖掘结构潜力。     

不同加载速率下煤岩采动力学响应及破坏机制

研究煤岩在不同加载模式与不同加载速率下采动力学响应及破坏机制对认清煤矿动力灾害本质具有指导意义。基于塔山煤样,先后设计与开展了单轴拉伸与压缩、常规三轴及采动力学试验。获得了不同加载模式下煤样的力学特征参量和变形破坏特性。进一步对比分析了常规三轴试验与采动力学试验煤样变形特征的差异。得到煤样破坏前吸收能量密度随着轴向加载速率的关系,揭示了应力偏量是造成试样破坏强度和吸收能量密度提高的原因,是破坏产生的本质原因,但其受控于围压的临界值,及煤样损伤发生具有的时间效应。建立了采动力学条件下考虑加卸载过程中材料损伤的煤岩黏弹性模型屈服准则,包含有效体积应力的影响、应力差的影响、轴向加载速率的影响及围压卸载速率的影响,新的黏弹性模型屈服准则可以很好地解释加卸载速率引起的材料屈服强度变化。     

Estimation of life vulnerability inside buildings during earthquakes

A methodology is presented for assessing the expected loss of human lives due to the structural damage, failure of contents and non-structural components inside buildings during earthquakes. This approach estimates human life losses considering whether the structure collapses (partial or totally) or not. Entrapment and entrapment fatality rates are calculated using available data from worldwide literature and newspapers of 50 collapsed buildings, which information is reasonably reliable. We apply this methodology to one example of a five-floor RC frame building of typical office occupancy. Vulnerability functions are presented relating the intensity of the earthquake to the loss of human lives inside buildings, considering different times of occurrence of the earthquakes: daytime, commuting time and nighttime. Uncertainties in all parts of the process are very large, but they are formally addressed and taken into account. This methodology may improve the risk assessment for insurances purposes, optimisation of the cycle of life, mitigation strategies, risk control and tolerable risk.     

Dynamics of drinking water biofilm in flow/non-flow conditions

Drinking water biofilm formation on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) was followed in three different reactors operating under stagnant or continuous flow regimes. After one week, a quasi-steady state was achieved where biofilm total cell numbers per unit surface area were not affected by fluctuations in the concentration of suspended cells. Metabolically active cells in biofilms were around 17-35% of the total cells and 6-18% were able to form colony units in R(2)A medium. Microbiological analysis showed that the adhesion material and reactor design did not affect significantly the biofilm growth. However, operating under continuous flow (0.8-1.9 Pa) or stagnant water had a significant effect on biofilm formation: in stagnant waters, biofilm grew to a less extent. By applying mass balances and an asymptotic biofilm formation model to data from biofilms grown on PVC and HDPE surfaces under turbulent flow, specific growth rates of bacteria in the biofilm were found to be similar for both materials (around 0.15 day(-1)) and much lower than the specific growth rates of suspended bacteria (around 1.8 day(-1)).     

Effect of surface curvature and wettability on nucleation of methane hydrate

Natural gas hydrate nucleation is a complex physical and chemical process that is not well understood presently. In this article, an improved thermodynamic model is proposed to analyze the effects of surface curvature and wettability on methane hydrate nucleation for the first time. The results indicate that methane hydrate nucleation is more difficult on hydrophilic curvature surfaces under the same conditions, with a larger critical nucleation radius and required energy barrier than on hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, a convex surface is more favorable for forming methane hydrate under the same conditions than a concave surface. The model's results are critical in elucidating the microscopic mechanism of methane hydrate nucleation and providing a theoretical foundation for developing technologies for strengthening and inhibiting hydrate formation.     

二甲基甲酰胺中铥(Ⅲ)在铜电极上的电化学行为

应用循环伏安法、单电位阶跃计时电流法、计时电量法研究了二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中铥(III)在Cu电极上的电化学性质。研究表明,铥(III)在Cu电极上的还原是不可逆过程。通过上述3种电化学方法得到的扩散系数(D0)相近,由循环伏安法测得的传递系数(α)为0.028 36,通过塔菲尔曲线求得的交换电流密度(i0)为1.352 6×10-6 A/cm2。铥(III)离子成核机理研究表明,铥在Cu电极上的电沉积按三维模式生长连续成核。     

Evaluation of membrane filtration for cleanup in multi-residue pesticide analysis of spinach

This study reports a new membrane filtration-based cleanup method for the analysis of pesticides. Recovery and cleanup by membrane filtration using 11 different membranes, classified by their molecular weight cut-off, pore size, and material, were examined. Three different eluent mixtures were also examined. The results indicated that membranes with a 0.1-μm pore size were the most effective among those tested. In particular, hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride and hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene gave better recoveries and cleanup than other membranes. Results from GC chromatograms and matrix effects showed that membrane filtration afforded better cleanup than the modified QuEChERS method. Furthermore, over 90% of the 89 pesticides tested had acceptable recoveries using these two membranes, according to an acceptable recovery range of 70–120%. Therefore, this technique has potential as an effective cleanup method.